1. Wang R, Ju J, Pang X. Efficacy and safety of ultrasound-guided nerve blocks in elderly surgical patients: a meta-analysis. Front Med (Lausanne). 2025;12:1580172.doi: 10.3389/fmed.2025.1580172. [
DOI:10.3389/fmed.2025.1580172] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
2. Mirkheshti A, Hashemian M, Abtahi D, Shayegh S, Manafi-Rasi A, Sayadi S, et al. Quadratus Lumborum Block versus Fascia Iliaca Compartment Block for Acetabular Fracture Surgery by Stoppa Method: A Double‐Blind, Randomized, Noninferiority Trial. Pain Res Manag. 2024;2024(1):3720344.doi: [
DOI:10.1155/2024/3720344] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
4. Huaguo Y, Kang S, Hu L, Zhou H. Advancing pain management for extremity trauma: the evolution of ultrasound-guided nerve blocks for patients in the supine position in trauma centers. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2024;50(4):1381-90.doi: 10.1007/s00068-024-02523-w. [
DOI:10.1007/s00068-024-02523-w] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
5. Li J, Szabova A. Ultrasound-guided nerve blocks in the head and neck for chronic pain management: the anatomy, sonoanatomy, and procedure. Pain Physician. 2021;24(8):533-48. [
GOOGLE SCHOLAR]
6. Yi R, Li Z, Yang X, Huang T, Liu H, Zhang J. The utilization of ultrasound-guided regional nerve blocks in anesthetic management for fracture surgery. J Pain Res. 2025:353-66.doi: 10.2147/JPR.S492151. [
DOI:10.2147/JPR.S492151] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
7. Huppertz TMH, Nikolić N. Ultrasound guided regional anesthesia: What we know, what we think we know, what we don't know yet: Running title USGRA: Overview about facts and questions: An educational narrative review of literature. Serbian Journal of Anesthesia and Intensive Therapy. 2023;45(3-4):41-55.doi: 10.5937/sjait2304041H. [
DOI:10.5937/sjait2304041H]
8. Xue H, Yang S, Ma G, Xia Z, Wang L, Wang K. Progress of ultrasound-guided nerve block in foot and ankle arthroscopy. PPM. 2024 Jun 30;2(2):44-51. doi:10.61189/601268tfpowt. [
DOI:10.61189/601268tfpowt]
9. Edinoff AN, Houk GM, Patil S, Siddaiah HB, Kaye AJ, Iyengar PS, et al. Adjuvant drugs for peripheral nerve blocks: the role of alpha-2 agonists, dexamethasone, midazolam, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Anesth Pain Med. 2021;11(3):e117197.doi: 10.5812/aapm.117197. [
DOI:10.5812/aapm.117197]
10. Singhal A, Taksande K. Role of adjuvants in enhancing the efficacy and duration of anesthesia blocks: a comprehensive review. Cureus. 2024;16 (9): e69880.doi: 10.7759/cureus.69880. [
DOI:10.7759/cureus.69880]
11. Krishna Prasad GV, Khanna S, Jaishree SV. Review of adjuvants to local anesthetics in peripheral nerve blocks: Current and future trends. Saudi J Anaesth. 2020;14(1):77-84.doi: 10.4103/sja.SJA_423_19. [
DOI:10.4103/sja.SJA_423_19] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
12. Maagaard M, Andersen JH, Jaeger P, Mathiesen O. Effects of combined dexamethasone and dexmedetomidine as adjuncts to peripheral nerve blocks: a systematic review with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2025;50(4):311-20.doi: 10.1136/rapm-2023-105098. [
DOI:10.1136/rapm-2023-105098] [
PMID]
13. Swain A, Nag DS, Sahu S, Samaddar DP. Adjuvants to local anesthetics: Current understanding and future trends. World J Clin Cases. 2017;5(8):307-23.doi: 10.12998/wjcc.v5.i8.307. [
DOI:10.12998/wjcc.v5.i8.307] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
14. Luo J, Duan G, Huang H, Chen G. Research status of different adjuvants on nerve block. Pain Physician. 2024;27(8):507-19.doi: 10.36076/ppj.2024.7.507. [
DOI:10.36076/ppj.2024.7.507]
15. Karami N, Hassani E, Mahoori A, Afshar A. A Review of the Intrathecal Opioids' Effect on Hemodynamic Changes and Spinal Anesthesia Quality in Femoral Surgeries. Iranian Journal of Orthopedic Surgery. 2025;23(2):e231553. [
GOOGLE SCHOLAR]
16. Chen Z, Liu Z, Feng C, Jin Y, Zhao X. Dexmedetomidine as an adjuvant in peripheral nerve block. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2023 ; 17:1463-1484.doi: 10.2147/DDDT.S405294. [
DOI:10.2147/DDDT.S405294] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
17. Khoshrang H, Haghighi M, Atrkarroushan Z, Hemmati S, Azizi R. Effect of Dexamethasone as an Adjuvant to Bupivacaine for Ultrasound-guided Axillary Plexus Block: A Randomized, Double-blinded Prospective Study. Arch Bone Jt Surg. 2025;13(3):138-45. [
PMID]
18. Noss C, MacKenzie L, Kostash M. Dexamethasone a promising adjuvant in brachial plexus anesthesia? A systematic review. J Anesth Clin Res. 2014;5(7):1-7.doi: 10.4172/2155-6148.1000421. [
DOI:10.4172/2155-6148.1000421]
19. Martinez V, Fletcher D. Dexamethasone and peripheral nerve blocks: on the nerve or intravenous? Br J Anaesth. 2014; 113(3):338-40.doi: 10.1093/bja/aeu144. [
DOI:10.1093/bja/aeu144] [
PMID]
20. Couch B, Hayward D, Baum G, Sakthiyendran NA, Harder J, Hernandez EJ, et al. A systematic review of steroid use in peripheral nerve pathologies and treatment. Front Neurol [
GOOGLE SCHOLAR]
21. 2024;15:1434429.doi: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1434429. [
DOI:10.3389/fneur.2024.1434429] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
22. Allgood JE, Whitney L, Goodwin J, Chong BS, Brooks A, Pullan J. The role of pain medications in modulating peripheral nerve injury recovery. J Clin Pharmacol. 2025;65(4):411-23.doi: 10.1002/jcph.6156. [
DOI:10.1002/jcph.6156] [
PMID]
23. Bindal D, Narang N, Mahindra R, Gupta H, Kubre J, Saxena A. Effect of dexamethasone on characteristics of supraclavicular nerve block with bupivacaine and ropivacaine: a prospective, double-blind, randomized control trial. Anesth Essays Res. 2018;12(1):234-9.doi: 10.4103/aer.AER_2_18. [
DOI:10.4103/aer.AER_2_18] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
24. Sehmbi H, Brull R, Ceballos K, Shah U, Martin J, Tobias A, et al. Perineural and intravenous dexamethasone and dexmedetomidine: network meta‐analysis of adjunctive effects on supraclavicular brachial plexus block. Anaesthesia. 2021;76(7):974-90.doi: 10.1111/anae.15288. [
DOI:10.1111/anae.15288] [
PMID]
25. Albrecht E, Vorobeichik L, Jacot-Guillarmod A, Fournier N, Abdallah FW. Dexamethasone is superior to dexmedetomidine as a perineural adjunct for supraclavicular brachial plexus block: systematic review and indirect meta-analysis. Anesth Analg. 2019;128(3):543-54.doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000003860. [
DOI:10.1213/ANE.0000000000003860] [
PMID]
26. Venkatraman R, Pushparani A, Karthik K, Nandhini P. Comparison of morphine, dexmedetomidine and dexamethasone as an adjuvant to ropivacaine in ultrasound-guided supraclavicular brachial plexus block for postoperative analgesia-a randomized controlled trial. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol. 2021;37(1):102-7.doi: 10.4103/joacp.JOACP_70_19. [
DOI:10.4103/joacp.JOACP_70_19] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
27. Rahman MA, Musa MA, Alam MZ, Kamal MM. Supraclavicular Brachial Plexus Block with and without Dexamethasone as Local Anaesthetics.Middle east research journal of medical sciences. 2024; 4 (5):116-21.doi: 10.36348/merjms.2024.v04i05.001 [
DOI:10.36348/merjms.2024.v04i05.001]
28. Devrajan G, Chhabra PH, Guria S, Gupta K. Comparison of intravenous with perineural dexamethasone for ultrasound-guided erector spinae plane block in patients undergoing modified radical mastectomy-A randomized control trial. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol. 2025;41(2):357-62.doi: 10.4103/joacp.joacp_134_24. [
DOI:10.4103/joacp.joacp_134_24] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
29. Gouda N, Zangrilli J, Voskerijian A, Wang ML, Beredjiklian PK, Rivlin M. Safety and duration of low-dose adjuvant dexamethasone in regional anesthesia for upper extremity surgery: a prospective, randomized, controlled blinded study. Hand (N Y). 2022;17(6):1236-41.doi: 10.1177/15589447211008558. [
DOI:10.1177/15589447211008558] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
30. Lee J-K, Lee G-S, Kim S-B, Kang C, Kim K-S, Song J-H. A comparative analysis of pain control methods after ankle fracture surgery with a peripheral nerve block: a single-center randomized controlled prospective study. Medicina (Kaunas). 2023;59(7):1302.doi: 10.3390/medicina59071302. [
DOI:10.3390/medicina59071302] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
31. Greene C, Droppelmann G, García N, Jorquera C, Rosales J. Ultrasound-Guided Perineural Corticosteroid Injection for Lacertus Fibrosus Syndrome: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Orthop Res Rev. 2025;17:229-40.doi: 10.2147/ORR.S492591. [
DOI:10.2147/ORR.S492591] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
32. Oseka L. Pecka S. Anesthetic Management in Early Recovery After Surgery Protocols for Total Knee and Total Hip Arthroplasty. AANA J. 2018;86(1) :32-39. [
GOOGLE SCHOLAR]
33. Balta S, Köknel Talu G. Clinical effectiveness of peripheral nerve blocks with lidocaine and corticosteroid in patients with trigeminal neuralgia. Agri. 2021;33(4):237-42.doi: 10.14744/agri.2021.26032. [
DOI:10.14744/agri.2021.26032] [
PMID]
34. Wahab S, Kataria S, Woolley P, O'Hene N, Odinkemere C, Kim R, et al. Literature review: pericranial nerve blocks for chronic migraines. Health Psychol Res. 2023;11:74259.doi: 10.52965/001c.74259. [
DOI:10.52965/001c.74259] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
35. Galvão LL, Tung A, Teixeira ACRL, Murbach LG. REGIONAL ANESTHETIC BLOCKS IN FACIAL AND PERIOCULAR AESTHETIC PROCEDURES: AN UPDATED REVIEW OF ULTRASOUND-GUIDED TECHNIQUES, SONOANATOMY, AND CLINICAL APPLICATIONS. ARACÊ. 2025;7(10):e8982.doi: 10.56238/arev7n10-178. [
DOI:10.56238/arev7n10-178]
36. Diaz M, Maldonado K, Rawson E, Canale M, Davies A, Dabney CL. Perioperative guidelines for peripheral nerve blocks. Nursing. 2026;56(2):15-22.doi: 10.1097/NSG.0000000000000330. [
DOI:10.1097/NSG.0000000000000330] [
PMID]
37. Chaturvedi A, Dash H. Sympathetic blockade for the relief of chronic pain. J Indian Med Assoc. 2001;99(12):698-703. [
GOOGLE SCHOLAR]
38. Chan C-w, Chalkiadis GA. A case of sympathetically mediated headache treated with stellate ganglion blockade. Pain Med. 2010;11(8):1294-8.doi: 10.1111/j.1526-4637.2010.00850.x. [
DOI:10.1111/j.1526-4637.2010.00850.x] [
PMID]
39. Chin KJ, Versyck B, Elsharkawy H, Gomez MFR, Sala-Blanch X, Reina MA. Anatomical basis of fascial plane blocks. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2021;46(7):581-99.doi: 10.1136/rapm-2021-102506. [
DOI:10.1136/rapm-2021-102506] [
PMID]
40. Kirksey MA, Haskins SC, Cheng J, Liu SS. Local anesthetic peripheral nerve block adjuvants for prolongation of analgesia: a systematic qualitative review. PLoS One. 2015;10(9):e0137312.doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137312. [
DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0137312] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
41. Knezevic NN, Anantamongkol U, Candido KD. Perineural dexamethasone added to local anesthesia for brachial plexus block improves pain but delays block onset and motor blockade recovery. Pain Physician. 2015 ;18(1):1-14. [
DOI:10.36076/ppj/2015.18.1]
42. Eker HE, Cok OY, Aribogan A. A treatment option for post-injection sciatic neuropathy: transsacral block with methylprednisolone. Pain Physician. 2010;13(5):451-6.doi: 10.36076/ppj.2010/13/451. [
DOI:10.36076/ppj.2010/13/451]
43. Edinoff AN, Fitz-Gerald JS, Holland KAA, Reed JG, Murnane SE, Minter SG, et al. Adjuvant drugs for peripheral nerve blocks: The role of NMDA antagonists, neostigmine, epinephrine, and sodium bicarbonate. Anesth Pain Med. 2021;11(3):e117146.doi: 10.5812/aapm.117146. [
DOI:10.5812/aapm.117146]
44. Soin A, Gupta M, Abd-Elsayed AA, Nashi S, Escobar A, Reynolds D, et al. Lumbar Epidural Steroid Injections for Chronic Spinal Pain: A Clinical Review of Efficacy and Evidence. Cureus. 2025;17(12) :e98348.doi: 10.7759/cureus.98348. [
DOI:10.7759/cureus.98348] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
45. Rathmell JP, Benzon HT, Dreyfuss P, Huntoon M, Wallace M, Baker R, et al. Safeguards to prevent neurologic complications after epidural steroid injections : consensus opinions from a multidisciplinary working group and national organizations. [
PMID]
46. Anesthesiology. 2015;122(5):974-84.doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000000614. [
DOI:10.1097/ALN.0000000000000614] [
PMID]
47. Alsharif MHK, Bakhit NM, Almasaad JM, Önger ME. Corticosteroids for Nerve Regeneration: A Narrative Review. Curr Pharm Des. 2026 ;32(7):487-92. [
DOI:10.2174/0113816128374388250603063716] [
PMID]
48. Kim D-H, Choi S-S, Yoon S-H, So-Hee L, Seo D-K, Lee I-G, et al. Ultrasound-guided genicular nerve block for knee osteoarthritis: a double-blind, randomized controlled trial of local anesthetic alone or in combination with corticosteroid. Pain Physician. 2018;21(1):41-52.doi: 10.36076/ppj/2018.51. [
DOI:10.36076/ppj/2018.51]
49. Sconfienza LM, Adriaensen M, Albano D, Allen G, Aparisi Gomez MP, Bazzocchi A, et al. Clinical indications for image-guided interventional procedures in the musculoskeletal system: a Delphi-based consensus paper from the European Society of Musculoskeletal Radiology (ESSR)-part I, shoulder. Eur Radiol. 2020;30(2):903-13.doi: 10.1007/s00330-019-06419-x. [
DOI:10.1007/s00330-019-06419-x] [
PMID]
50. Zhao S, Guo W, Wu Y, Xu J. Hormonal regulatory networks in spinal cord injury: mechanistic insights, crosstalk, and therapeutic innovations. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2025;16:1627414.doi: 10.3389/fendo.2025.1627414. [
DOI:10.3389/fendo.2025.1627414] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
51. Park S-K, Choi YS, Kim H-J. Hypopigmentation and subcutaneous fat, muscle atrophy after local corticosteroid injection. Korean J Anesthesiol. 2013;65(6 Suppl):S59-61.doi: 10.4097/kjae.2013.65.6S.S59. [
DOI:10.4097/kjae.2013.65.6S.S59] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
52. Varoni EM, Molteni A, Sardella A, Carrassi A, Di Candia D, Gigli F, et al. Pharmacokinetics study about topical clobetasol on oral mucosa. J Oral Pathol Med. 2012;41(3):255-60.doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2011.01087.x. [
DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0714.2011.01087.x] [
PMID]
53. Bellavia L, Pignanelli M, Aqbal D. 6516 A Curious Case of Cushing Syndrome. Journal of the Endocrine Society. 2024;8(Supplement_1):bvae163. 74.doi: 10.1210/jendso/bvae163.074. [
DOI:10.1210/jendso/bvae163.074] [
PMCID]
54. Derendorf H, Meltzer EO. Molecular and clinical pharmacology of intranasal corticosteroids: clinical and therapeutic implications. Allergy. 2008;63(10):1292-300.doi: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2008.01750.x. [
DOI:10.1111/j.1398-9995.2008.01750.x] [
PMID]
55. Ngcobo NN. Influence of ageing on the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of chronically administered medicines in geriatric patients: a review. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2025;64(3):335-67.doi: 10.1007/s40262-025-01494-4. [
DOI:10.1007/s40262-025-01494-4] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
56. Ayyar VS, DuBois DC, Nakamura T, Almon RR, Jusko WJ. Modeling corticosteroid pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, part II: sex differences in methylprednisolone pharmacokinetics and corticosterone suppression. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2019;370(2):327-36.doi: 10.1124/jpet.119.257527. [
DOI:10.1124/jpet.119.257527] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
57. Hassani E, Karami N, Hassani A, Hassani L, Ashraf V. Comparison of the prophylactic effect of propofol, dexamethasone and ondansetron on post-operative nausea and vomiting in elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Acta Medica Iranica. 2021:713-9.doi: 10.18502/acta.v59i12.8059. [
DOI:10.18502/acta.v59i12.8059]
58. Ciobotaru OR, Lupu M-N, Rebegea L, Ciobotaru OC, Duca OM, Tatu AL, et al. Dexamethasone-chemical structure and mechanisms of action in prophylaxis of postoperative side effects. Rev Chim (Bucharest). 2019;70(3):843-7.doi: 10.37358/RC.19.3.7017. [
DOI:10.37358/RC.19.3.7017]
59. Hwang S, Cho J-M, Yoon Y-J, Seo S, Hong Y, Lim J-Y. Retroductal dexamethasone administration promotes the recovery from obstructive and inflammatory salivary gland dysfunction. Front Immunol.2024;15:1418703.doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1418703. [
DOI:10.3389/fimmu.2024.1418703] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
60. Engel JJ, van der Made CI, Keur N, Setiabudiawan T, Röring RJ, Damoraki G, et al. Dexamethasone attenuates interferon-related cytokine hyperresponsiveness in COVID-19 patients. Front Immunol. 2023;14:1233318.doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1233318. [
DOI:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1233318] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
61. Świerczek A, Jusko WJ. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling of dexamethasone anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects in LPS-challenged rats: a model for cytokine release syndrome. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2023;384(3):455-72.doi: 10.1124/jpet.122.001477. [
DOI:10.1124/jpet.122.001477] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
62. Hullin F, Raynal P, Ragab-Thomas J, Fauvel J, Chap H. Effect of Dexamethasone on Prostaglandin Synthesis and on Lipocortin Status in Human Endothelial Cells: Inhibition of prostaglandin I2 synthesis occurring without alteration of arachidonic acid liberation and of lipocortin synthesis. J Biol Chem. 1989;264(6):3506-13.doi: 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)94095-0. [
DOI:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)94095-0] [
PMID]
63. Ma K, Mallidis C, Artaza J, Taylor W, Gonzalez-Cadavid N, Bhasin S. Characterization of 5′-regulatory region of human myostatin gene: regulation by dexamethasone in vitro. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2001;281(6):E1128-E36.doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.2001.281.6.E1128. [
DOI:10.1152/ajpendo.2001.281.6.E1128] [
PMID]
64. Lim J, Kim S-H. Transcriptional activation of an anti-oxidant mouse Pon2 gene by dexamethasone. BMB rep. 2009;42(7):421-6.doi: 10.5483/BMBRep.2009.42.7.421. [
DOI:10.5483/BMBRep.2009.42.7.421] [
PMID]
65. Sinha S, Rosin NL, Arora R, Labit E, Jaffer A, Cao L, et al. Dexamethasone modulates immature neutrophils and interferon programming in severe COVID-19. Nat Med. 2022;28(1):201-11.doi: 10.1038/s41591-021-01576-3. [
DOI:10.1038/s41591-021-01576-3] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
66. Suksri K, Semprasert N, Junking M, Kutpruek S, Limjindaporn T, Yenchitsomanus P-t, et al. Dexamethasone induces pancreatic β-cell apoptosis through upregulation of TRAIL death receptor. J Mol Endocrinol. 2021;67(3):95-106.doi: 10.1530/JME-20-0238. [
DOI:10.1530/JME-20-0238] [
PMID]
67. Karami N, Mahoori A, Aghaei H. Effect of prophylactic intravenous Dexamethasone and Lidocaine on cough and sore throat after extubation in elective laminectomy surgery. Med Sci. 2020;24(101):386-92. [
URL]
68. Mishra K, Rashid S, Singh KJ, Tripathi P, Boddu R, Bahl R, et al. Randomised Controlled Trial of High Dose Dexamethasone and Methylprednisolone in Immune Thrombocytopenia (HDMI Trial). Blood. 2024;144:3938.doi: 10.1182/blood-2024-203948. [
DOI:10.1182/blood-2024-203948]
69. Ayyar VS, DuBois DC, Almon RR, Jusko WJ. Modeling corticosteroid pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, part III: estrous cycle and estrogen receptor-dependent antagonism of glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ) enhancement by corticosteroids. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2019;370(2):337-49.doi: 10.1124/jpet.119.257543. [
DOI:10.1124/jpet.119.257543] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
70. Zhao W-L, Ou X-F, Liu J, Zhang W-S. Perineural versus intravenous dexamethasone as an adjuvant in regional anesthesia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Pain Res. 2017:1529-43.doi: 10.2147/JPR.S138212. [
DOI:10.2147/JPR.S138212] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
71. Albrecht E, Reynvoet M, Fournier N, Desmet M. Dose-response relationship of perineural dexamethasone for interscalene brachial plexus block: a randomised, controlled, triple‐blind trial. Anaesthesia. 2019;74(8):1001-8.doi: 10.1111/anae.14650. [
DOI:10.1111/anae.14650] [
PMID]
72. Zufferey PJ, Chaux R, Lachaud P-A, Capdevila X, Lanoiselée J, Ollier E. Dose-response relationships of intravenous and perineural dexamethasone as adjuvants to peripheral nerve blocks: a systematic review and model-based network meta-analysis. Br J Anaesth. 2024;132(5):1122-32.doi: 10.1016/j.bja.2023.12.021. [
DOI:10.1016/j.bja.2023.12.021] [
PMID]
73. Desai N, Pararajasingham S, Onwochei D, Albrecht E. Comparison of intravenous versus perineural dexamethasone as a local anaesthetic adjunct for peripheral nerve blocks in the lower limb: A meta-analysis and systematic review. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2024;41(10):749-59.doi: 10.1097/EJA.0000000000002038. [
DOI:10.1097/EJA.0000000000002038] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
74. Moss WJ. Can we please reconsider intranasal injections in refractory sinonasal inflammatory disease? Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2021;11(6):1033-34.doi: 10.22541/au.159985944.48027502. [
DOI:10.22541/au.159985944.48027502]
75. Hwang B, Lee J, Park B-J. Neurological complication rates of epidural injections and selective nerve blocks: A comparison of steroid use patterns. Clin J Pain. 2020;36(6):449-57.doi: 10.1097/AJP.0000000000000816. [
DOI:10.1097/AJP.0000000000000816] [
PMID]
76. Choi EJ, Kim D-H, Han WK, Lee H-J, Kang I, Nahm FS, et al. Non-particulate steroids (betamethasone sodium phosphate, dexamethasone sodium phosphate, and dexamethasone palmitate) combined with local anesthetics (ropivacaine, levobupivacaine, bupivacaine, and lidocaine): a potentially unsafe mixture. J Pain Res. 2021:1495-504.doi: 10.2147/JPR.S311573. [
DOI:10.2147/JPR.S311573] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
77. Alcántara Guardado A, Cooper G, Weightman A, Spiess R, Baker Adl. Dilution and microfiltration of particulate corticosteroids for spinal epidural injections: impact on drug concentration and agglomerate formation. Anaesthesia. 2019;74(12):1551-7.doi: 10.1111/anae.14733. [
DOI:10.1111/anae.14733] [
PMID]
78. Bensler S, Sutter R, Pfirrmann CW, Peterson CK. Particulate versus non-particulate corticosteroids for transforaminal nerve root blocks: comparison of outcomes in 494 patients with lumbar radiculopathy. Eur Radiol. 2018;28(3):946-52.doi: 10.1007/s00330-017-5045-z. [
DOI:10.1007/s00330-017-5045-z] [
PMID]
79. Makkar JK, Singh PM, Jain D, Goudra B. Particulate vs non-particulate steroids for transforaminal epidural steroid injections: systematic review and meta-analysis of the current literature. Pain Physician. 2016;19(6):327-40.doi: 10.36076/ppj/2016.19.327. [
DOI:10.36076/ppj/2016.19.327]
80. Vaughn DR. Insufficient Clarity of Statement 6 in the Consensus Opinions to Prevent Neurologic Complications after Epidural Steroid Injections Reply. ANESTHESIOLOGY. 2016;124(1):243-5.doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000000929. [
DOI:10.1097/ALN.0000000000000929] [
PMID]
81. Cohen SP, Greuber E, Vought K, Lissin D. Safety of epidural steroid injections for lumbosacral radicular pain: unmet medical need. Clin J Pain. 2021;37(9):707-17.doi: 10.1097/AJP.0000000000000963. [
DOI:10.1097/AJP.0000000000000963] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
82. Bateman BT, Brenner GJ. An important step forward in the safe use of epidural steroid injections. Anesthesiology. 2015;122(5):964-6.doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000000615. [
DOI:10.1097/ALN.0000000000000615] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
83. Bush K, Mandegaran R, Robinson E, Zavareh A. The safety and efficiency of performing cervical transforaminal epidural steroid injections under fluoroscopic control on an ambulatory/outpatient basis. Eur Spine J. 2020;29(5):994-1000.doi: 10.1007/s00586-019-06147-2. [
DOI:10.1007/s00586-019-06147-2] [
PMID]
84. Klessinger S. The New S3 Guideline on "Epidural injections." Rofo. 2026 May;198(05):604-9. doi:10.1055/a-2702-4560. [
DOI:10.1055/a-2702-4560] [
PMID]
85. Clements N, Vydra D, Cushman DM, Nagpal A, Julia J, Zheng P, et al. Trends in steroid agent and diluent choices for epidural steroid injections: a survey of Spine Intervention Society physicians. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2019;44(8):809-13.doi: 10.1136/rapm-2018-100366. [
DOI:10.1136/rapm-2018-100366] [
PMID]
86. Benzon HT, Elmofty D, Shankar H, Rana M, Chadwick AL, Shah S, et al. Use of corticosteroids for adult chronic pain interventions: sympathetic and peripheral nerve blocks, trigger point injections-guidelines from the American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, the American Academy of Pain Medicine, the American Society of Interventional Pain Physicians, the International Pain and Spine Intervention Society, and the North American Spine Society. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2026;51(6):642-59.doi: 10.1136/rapm-2024-105593. [
DOI:10.1136/rapm-2024-105593] [
PMID]
87. Baeriswyl M, Kirkham K, Jacot-Guillarmod A, Albrecht E. Efficacy of perineural vs systemic dexamethasone to prolong analgesia after peripheral nerve block: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Anaesth. 2017;119(2):183-91.doi: 10.1093/bja/aex191. [
DOI:10.1093/bja/aex191] [
PMID]
88. Babaei-Ghazani A, Roomizadeh P, Forogh B, Moeini-Taba S-M, Abedini A, Kadkhodaie M, et al. Ultrasound-guided versus landmark-guided local corticosteroid injection for carpal tunnel syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2018;99(4):766-75.doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2017.08.484. [
DOI:10.1016/j.apmr.2017.08.484] [
PMID]
89. Tan YL, Neo EJR, Wee TC. Ultrasound-guided genicular nerve blockade with pharmacological agents for chronic knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review. Pain Physician. 2022;25(4):E489-E502. [
GOOGLE SCHOLAR]
90. Neal JM, Barrington MJ, Brull R, Hadzic A, Hebl JR, Horlocker TT, et al. The second ASRA practice advisory on neurologic complications associated with regional anesthesia and pain medicine: executive summary 2015. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2015;40(5):401-30.doi: 10.1097/AAP.0000000000000286. [
DOI:10.1097/AAP.0000000000000286] [
PMID]
91. Kamel El Sirafy MAM, Edward Abdelmalek ME, Mousa Ebied AI, Abdel Hamid Hetta WM. Comparative Study between Ultrasound Guided Intraarticular Injection of Corticosteroids and Ultrasound Guided Genicular Nerve Block in Patients with Chronic Knee Pain. QJM: An International Journal of Medicine. 2024;117(Supplement_1):hcae070. 605.doi: 10.1093/qjmed/hcae070.605. [
DOI:10.1093/qjmed/hcae070.605]
92. Sconfienza LM, Adriaensen M, Albano D, Alcala-Galiano A, Allen G, Aparisi Gómez MP, et al. Clinical indications for image-guided interventional procedures in the musculoskeletal system: a Delphi-based consensus paper from the European Society of Musculoskeletal Radiology (ESSR)-part V, knee. Eur Radiol. 2022;32(3):1438-47.doi: 10.1007/s00330-021-08258-1. [
DOI:10.1007/s00330-021-08258-1] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
93. Tkachuk M, Dmytriiev D. Use of adjuvants in the prevention of rebound pain in patients with combat-related trauma: a prospective pilot study. EMERGENCY MEDICINE. 2025;21(6):608-11.doi: 10.22141/2224-0586.21.6.2025.1933. [
DOI:10.22141/2224-0586.21.6.2025.1933]
94. An K, Elkassabany NM, Liu J. Dexamethasone as adjuvant to bupivacaine prolongs the duration of thermal antinociception and prevents bupivacaine-induced rebound hyperalgesia via regional mechanism in a mouse sciatic nerve block model. PLoS One. 2015;10(4):e0123459.doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123459. [
DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0123459] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
95. Jayantilal SR GS, Gaur D, Shrikanta, Raza A Comparison of Supraclavicular Brachial Plexus Block with and without Dexamethasone as an Adjuvant to Local Anesthetics: An Observational Study. international journal of medical and biomedical studies2025;9(2):110-6.doi: 10.32553/ijmbs.v9i2.3058. [
DOI:10.32553/ijmbs.v9i2.3058]
96. Cummings III KC, Napierkowski D, Parra-Sanchez I, Kurz A, Dalton J, Brems J, et al. Effect of dexamethasone on the duration of interscalene nerve blocks with ropivacaine or bupivacaine. Br J Anaesth. 2011;107(3):446-53.doi: 10.1093/bja/aer159. [
DOI:10.1093/bja/aer159] [
PMID]
97. De Oliveira Jr GS, Castro Alves LJ, Nader A, Kendall MC, Rahangdale R, McCarthy RJ. Perineural dexamethasone to improve postoperative analgesia with peripheral nerve blocks: a meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials. Pain Res Treat. 2014;2014(1):179029.doi: 10.1155/2014/179029. [
DOI:10.1155/2014/179029] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
98. Huynh TM, Marret E, Bonnet F. Combination of dexamethasone and local anaesthetic solution in peripheral nerve blocks: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2015;32(11):751-8.doi: 10.1097/EJA.0000000000000248. [
DOI:10.1097/EJA.0000000000000248] [
PMID]
99. Johansson A. Local corticosteroids and pain. A clinical and experimental study. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 1997;41.doi: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.1997.tb04687.x. [
DOI:10.1111/j.1399-6576.1997.tb04687.x]
100. Sundara Rajan R, Bhatia A, Peng PW, Gordon AS. Perineural steroid injections around ilioinguinal, iliohypogastric, and genitofemoral nerves for treatment of chronic refractory neuropathic pain: A retrospective study. Can J Pain. 2017;1(1):216-25.doi: 10.1080/24740527.2017.1403846. [
DOI:10.1080/24740527.2017.1403846] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
101. Tajti J, Szok D, Nyári A, Vécsei L. Therapeutic strategies that act on the peripheral nervous system in primary headache disorders. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics. 2019;19(6):509-33.doi: 10.1080/14737175.2019.1615447. [
DOI:10.1080/14737175.2019.1615447] [
PMID]
102. Robbins MS. Clinic-based procedures for headache. CONTINUUM: Lifelong Learning in Neurology. 2021;27(3):732-45.doi: 10.1212/CON.0000000000000959. [
DOI:10.1212/CON.0000000000000959] [
PMID]
103. Unal HA, Basarı A, Celiker OS, Cakar Turhan KS, Asik I, Ozgencil GE. Comparison of greater occipital nerve Blockade and Sphenopalatine ganglion Blockade in patients with episodic migraine. J Clin Med. 2024;13(11):3027.doi: 10.3390/jcm13113027. [
DOI:10.3390/jcm13113027] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
104. Mahmoud AO, Alqarni A, Ahmed AA, Hasan MAM, Bakr MH. Comparative Efficacy of Greater Occipital Nerve Blockade and Sphenopalatine Ganglion Blockade in Patients with Episodic Migraine: A Randomized Trial. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia. 2025;41(1):1-6.doi: 10.21608/egja.2025.393058.1122. [
DOI:10.21608/egja.2025.393058.1122]
105. Barad M, Ailani J, Hakim SM, Kissoon NR, Schuster NM. Percutaneous interventional strategies for migraine prevention: a systematic review and practice guideline. Pain Med. 2022;23(1):164-88.doi: 10.1093/pm/pnab236. [
DOI:10.1093/pm/pnab236] [
PMID]
106. Ho KWD, Przkora R, Kumar S. Sphenopalatine ganglion: block, radiofrequency ablation and neurostimulation-a systematic review. J Headache Pain. 2017;18(1):118.doi: 10.1186/s10194-017-0826-y. [
DOI:10.1186/s10194-017-0826-y] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
107. Dina Soliman M. A Game Changer in Neuro-modulation: The Power of Sphenopalatine Ganglion From Autonomic Control to Therapeutic Potential. Journal of medical science and clinical research. 2025;13(03).doi: 10.18535/jmscr/v13i03.06. [
DOI:10.18535/jmscr/v13i03.06]
108. Mathur R, Paliwal B, Kamal M, Bhatia PK. Intercostal Nerve Block in Patient with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Lessons Learned. Indian Journal of Pain. 2024;38(3):205-6.doi: 10.4103/ijpn.ijpn_64_24. [
DOI:10.4103/ijpn.ijpn_64_24]
109. Koshi EJ, Young K, Mostales JC, Vo KB, Burgess LP. Complications of corticosteroid therapy: a comprehensive literature review. J Pharm Technol. 2022;38(6):360-7.doi: 10.1177/87551225221116266. [
DOI:10.1177/87551225221116266] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
110. Buntragulpoontawee M, Chang K-V, Vitoonpong T, Pornjaksawan S, Kitisak K, Saokaew S, et al. The effectiveness and safety of commonly used injectates for ultrasound-guided hydrodissection treatment of peripheral nerve entrapment syndromes: a systematic review. Front Pharmacol. 2020;11:621150.doi: 10.3389/fphar.2020.621150. [
DOI:10.3389/fphar.2020.621150] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
111. Chen J, Song D, Zheng G, Luo Y. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of nerve block under ultrasound in ilioinguinal/iliohypogastric in children. Transl Pediatr. 2022;11(10):1604-14.doi: 10.21037/tp-22-308. [
DOI:10.21037/tp-22-308] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
112. Fouad HA, Mohammed A, Ahmed S, Mohammed Y, Osman M, Mohammed G. Efficacy of preemptive dexamethasone added to bupivacaine in ultrasound guided transversus abdominus plain block for postoperative analgesia after inguinal herniorraphy. Am J Res Commun. 2016;4(5):27-42. [
GOOGLE SCHOLAR]
113. He J-J, Wei X-m, Dou Z-l, Zhang J-s, Wei Z-h, Zhang W-x, et al. Ultrasound-guided nerve hydrodissection with 5% dextrose 4 weeks after steroid injection in treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome: a retrospective study. Front Neurol. 2022;12:782319.doi: 10.3389/fneur.2021.782319. [
DOI:10.3389/fneur.2021.782319] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
114. Xu H, Shi X, Zhu J, Li G, Bai L. A Randomized Double-blind Trial of 5% Dextrose Versus Corticosteroid Hydrodissection for Meralgia Paresthetica. Pain Physician. 2024;27(8):E835-42.doi: 10.36076/ppj.2024.7.E835. [
DOI:10.36076/ppj.2024.7.E835]
115. Halimah JA, Zalah AA, Alammari AH, Basowed SB, Mobarki AT, Khawaji EA, et al. Regional Nerve Blocks for Trauma Pain in the Emergency Department: A Systematic Review of Efficacy and Safety. Cureus. 2025;17(4) :e82073.doi: 10.7759/cureus.82073. [
DOI:10.7759/cureus.82073] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
116. Bhakta P, Akram U, O'Brien B. Challenges of performing nerve block without ultrasonography in the obese patient-A case report. JCA Advances. 2025;2(1):100094.doi: 10.1016/j.jcadva.2025.100094. [
DOI:10.1016/j.jcadva.2025.100094]
117. Stout A, Friedly J, Standaert CJ. Systemic absorption and side effects of locally injected glucocorticoids. PM R. 2019;11(4):409-19.doi: 10.1002/pmrj.12042. [
DOI:10.1002/pmrj.12042] [
PMID]
118. Sharma A, Dai F, Tseng L, Effraim PR, Zhou B, Schonberger RB, et al. Systemic Effects of Perineural Glucocorticoids on Fasting Serum Glucose, Potassium, and White Blood Cell Count in Total Hip Arthroplasty. J Pain Res. 2023 ;16:553-61.doi: 10.2147/JPR.S395336. [
DOI:10.2147/JPR.S395336] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
119. Huynh P, Yee S, Hsu D. RE: hypothalamic pituitary adrenocortical Axis suppression following a single epidural injection of methylprednisolone acetate: review, patient safety and clinical care. Pain Physician. 2018;21(2): 189-90.doi: 10.36076/ppj.2018.2.E189. [
DOI:10.36076/ppj.2018.2.E189]
120. King W, Miller DC, Smith CC. Spine Intervention Society's Patient Safety Committee Committee. Systemic effects of epidural corticosteroid injection. Pain Med. 2018;19(2):404-5.doi: 10.1093/pm/pnx173. [
DOI:10.1093/pm/pnx173] [
PMID]
121. Guay J, Suresh S, Kopp S. The use of ultrasound guidance for perioperative neuraxial and peripheral nerve blocks in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019; 2(2) CD011436.doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD011436.pub3. [
DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD011436.pub3] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
122. Heffler MA, Brant JA, Singh A, Toney AG, Harel-Sterling M, Grandjean-Blanchet C, et al. Ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia of the femoral nerve in the pediatric emergency department. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2023;39(2): 30-4.doi: 10.1097/PEC.0000000000002607. [
DOI:10.1097/PEC.0000000000002607] [
PMID]
123. Baker MD, Gullett JP. Ultrasound-guided femoral nerve blocks. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2015;31(12):864-8.doi: 10.1097/PEC.0000000000000634. [
DOI:10.1097/PEC.0000000000000634] [
PMID]
124. Lee K, Herr M, Jones J. Safety and Efficacy of Rescue Nerve Blocks. Research and Practice in Anesthesiology-Open Journal. 2022;6(1):8-14.doi: 10.52916/jcbi224012. [
DOI:10.52916/jcbi224012]
125. Choi S, Rodseth R, McCartney C. Effects of dexamethasone as a local anaesthetic adjuvant for brachial plexus block: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Br J Anaesth. 2014;112(3):427-39.doi: 10.1093/bja/aet417. [
DOI:10.1093/bja/aet417] [
PMID]
126. Fredrickson MJ, Danesh-Clough TK, White R. Adjuvant dexamethasone for bupivacaine sciatic and ankle blocks: results from 2 randomized placebo-controlled trials. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2013;38(4):300-7.doi: 10.1097/AAP.0b013e318292c121. [
DOI:10.1097/AAP.0b013e318292c121] [
PMID]
127. Rosenfeld D, Ivancic M, Hattrup S, Renfree K, Watkins A, Hentz J, et al. Perineural versus intravenous dexamethasone as adjuncts to local anaesthetic brachial plexus block for shoulder surgery. Anaesthesia. 2016;71(4):380-8.doi: 10.1111/anae.13409. [
DOI:10.1111/anae.13409] [
PMID]
128. Dilli E, Halker R, Vargas B, Hentz J, Radam T, Rogers R, et al. Occipital nerve block for the short-term preventive treatment of migraine: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. Cephalalgia. 2015;35(11):959-68.doi: 10.1177/0333102414561872. [
DOI:10.1177/0333102414561872] [
PMID]
129. Gantenbein AR, Lutz NJ, Riederer F, Sándor PS. Efficacy and safety of 121 injections of the greater occipital nerve in episodic and chronic cluster headache. Cephalalgia. 2012;32(8):630-4.doi: 10.1177/0333102412443335. [
DOI:10.1177/0333102412443335] [
PMID]
130. Becker WJ. Cluster headache: Conventional pharmacological management. Headache. 2013;53(7):1191-6.doi: 10.1111/head.12145. [
DOI:10.1111/head.12145] [
PMID]
131. Miller S, Lagrata S, Matharu M. Multiple cranial nerve blocks for the transitional treatment of chronic headaches. Cephalalgia. 2019;39(12):1488-99.doi: 10.1177/0333102419848121. [
DOI:10.1177/0333102419848121] [
PMID]
132. Armon C, Narayanaswami P, Potrebic S, Gronseth G, Bačkonja M-M, Cai VL, et al. Epidural steroids for cervical and lumbar radicular pain and spinal stenosis systematic review summary: report of the AAN guidelines subcommittee. Neurology. 2025;104(5):e213361.doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000213361. [
DOI:10.1212/WNL.0000000000213361] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
133. Hughes RA, Mehndiratta MM, Rajabally YA. Corticosteroids for chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017; 11(11) :CD002062.doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003906.pub4. [
DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD003906.pub4] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
134. Kirkham KR, Jacot-Guillarmod A, Albrecht E. Optimal dose of perineural dexamethasone to prolong analgesia after brachial plexus blockade: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Anesth Analg. 2018;126(1):270-9.doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000002488. [
DOI:10.1213/ANE.0000000000002488] [
PMID]
135. DUTTA S, LAHA B, MUKHERJEE M, BASUNIA SR, HAZRA A. Two Dosages of Dexamethasone (2 mg and 4 mg) as Analgesic Adjuvant to Levobupivacaine in Ultrasound-guided Brachial Plexus Block in Upper Limb Surgery-A Randomised Clinical Trial. Journal of Clinical & Diagnostic Research. 2023;17(3).doi: 10.7860/JCDR/2023/61135.17599. [
DOI:10.7860/JCDR/2023/61135.17599]
136. Rahangdale R, Kendall MC, McCarthy RJ, Tureanu L, Doty Jr R, Weingart A, et al. The effects of perineural versus intravenous dexamethasone on sciatic nerve blockade outcomes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Anesth Analg. 2014;118(5):1113-9.doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000000137. [
DOI:10.1213/ANE.0000000000000137] [
PMID]
137. Meng H, Fei Q, Wang B, Yang Y, Li D, Li J, et al. Epidural injections with or without steroids in managing chronic low back pain secondary to lumbar spinal stenosis: a meta-analysis of 13 randomized controlled trials. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2015; 9:4657-6.doi: 10.2147/DDDT.S85524. [
DOI:10.2147/DDDT.S85524] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
138. Manchikanti L, Cash KA, McManus CD, Pampati V, Fellows B. Results of 2-year follow-up of a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial of fluoroscopic caudal epidural injections in central spinal stenosis. Pain Physician. 2012;15 (5):371-84.doi: 10.36076/ppj.2012/15/371. [
DOI:10.36076/ppj.2012/15/371]
139. Manchikanti L, Cash KA, RT CDM. A randomized, double-blind controlled trial of lumbar interlaminar epidural injections in central spinal stenosis: 2-year follow-up. Pain Physician. 2015;18 (1):79-92.doi: 10.36076/ppj/2015.18.79. [
DOI:10.36076/ppj/2015.18.79]
140. Zhao C, Rao J-S, Duan H, Hao P, Shang J, Fan Y, et al. Chronic spinal cord injury repair by NT3-chitosan only occurs after clearance of the lesion scar. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2022;7(1):184.doi: 10.1038/s41392-022-01010-1. [
DOI:10.1038/s41392-022-01010-1] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
141. Wu D, Klaw MC, Connors T, Kholodilov N, Burke RE, Tom VJ. Expressing constitutively active rheb in adult neurons after a complete spinal cord injury enhances axonal regeneration beyond a chondroitinase-treated glial scar. J Neurosci. 2015;35(31):11068-80.doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0719-15.2015. [
DOI:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0719-15.2015] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
142. Jadon A, Sinha N, Chakraborty S, Singh B, Agrawal A. Pericapsular nerve group (PENG) block: A feasibility study of landmark based technique. Indian J Anaesth. 2020;64(8):710-13.doi: 10.4103/ija.IJA_388_20. [
DOI:10.4103/ija.IJA_388_20] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
143. Cata JP, Sessler DI. Lost in translation: Failure of preclinical studies to accurately predict the effect of regional analgesia on cancer recurrence. Anesthesiology. 2024;140(3):361-74.doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000004823. [
DOI:10.1097/ALN.0000000000004823] [
PMID]
144. Huo L, Liu G, Deng B, Xu L, Mo Y, Jiang S, et al. Effect of use of NSAIDs or steroids during the acute phase of pain on the incidence of chronic pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials. Inflammopharmacology. 2024;32(2):1039-58.doi: 10.1007/s10787-023-01405-8. [
DOI:10.1007/s10787-023-01405-8] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
145. Pop AM, Hirschmann MT. Pharmacologic pain management strategies for reducing postoperative pain in total knee arthroplasty: a systematic review from molecular mechanisms to clinical efficiency. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2025;145(1):432.doi: 10.1007/s00402-025-06049-7. [
DOI:10.1007/s00402-025-06049-7] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
146. Pehora C, Pearson AM, Kaushal A, Crawford MW, Johnston B. Dexamethasone as an adjuvant to peripheral nerve block. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017; 11(11) :CD011770.doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD011770.pub2. [
DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD011770.pub2] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
147. Reysner T, Kowalski G, Mularski A, Pyszczorska M, Grochowicka M, Perek A, et al. Perineural dexamethasone effectively prolongs anaesthesic block duration in total hip arthroplasty, reduces opioid consumption, and does not compromise motor function, nerve integrity, or glycaemic control. Int Orthop. 2025; 49(8):1791-9.doi: 10.1007/s00264-025-06578-1. [
DOI:10.1007/s00264-025-06578-1] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
148. Manchikanti L, Knezevic NN, Boswell MV, Kaye AD, Hirsch JA. Epidural injections for lumbar radiculopathy and spinal stenosis: a comparative systematic review and meta-analysis. Pain physician. 2016;19(3):365-410.doi: 10.36076/ppj/2016.19.E365. [
DOI:10.36076/ppj/2016.19.E365]
149. Diehn FE, Murthy NS, Maus TP. Science to practice: what causes arterial infarction in transforaminal epidural steroid injections, and which steroid is safest? Radiology. 2016;279(3):657-9.doi: 10.1148/radiol.2016160171. [
DOI:10.1148/radiol.2016160171] [
PMID]
150. Moreira AM, Diaz L, Presley J, Solorzano A, Diaz C, Yu K, et al. Comparing the effectiveness and safety of dexamethasone, methylprednisolone and betamethasone in lumbar transforaminal epidural steroid injections. Pain physician. 2024;27(5):341-8.doi: 10.36076/ppj.2024.7.341. [
DOI:10.36076/ppj.2024.7.341]
151. Okubadejo GO, Talcott MR, Schmidt RE, Sharma A, Patel AA, Mackey RB, et al. Perils of intravascular methylprednisolone injection into the vertebral artery: an animal study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2008;90(9):1932-8.doi: 10.2106/JBJS.G.01182. [
DOI:10.2106/JBJS.G.01182] [
PMID]
152. Benzon HT, Chew TL, McCarthy RJ, Benzon HA, Walega DR. Comparison of the particle sizes of different steroids and the effect of dilution: a review of the relative neurotoxicities of the steroids. Anesthesiology. 2007;106(2):331-8.doi: 10.1097/00000542-200702000-00022. [
DOI:10.1097/00000542-200702000-00022] [
PMID]
153. Derby R, Lee S-H, Date ES, Lee J-H, Lee C-H. Size and aggregation of corticosteroids used for epidural injections. Pain Med. 2008;9(2):227-34.doi: 10.1111/j.1526-4637.2007.00341.x. [
DOI:10.1111/j.1526-4637.2007.00341.x] [
PMID]
154. Rwei AY, Sherburne RT, Zurakowski D, Wang B, Kohane DS. Prolonged duration local anesthesia using liposomal bupivacaine combined with liposomal dexamethasone and dexmedetomidine. Anesth Analg. 2018;126(4):1170-5.doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000002719. [
DOI:10.1213/ANE.0000000000002719] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
155. Zhang Q, Yang Q, Chen Z, Hou X, Qian S, Yang X, et al. Development and evaluation of a ropivacaine-loaded hydrogel for prolonged nerve blockade and local anesthesia. J Biomater Appl.2026; 40(9):1141-52.doi: 10.1177/08853282251387512. [
DOI:10.1177/08853282251387512] [
PMID]
156. Ma H, Pan Z, Lai B, Zan C, Liu H. Recent research advances in nano-based drug delivery systems for local anesthetics. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2023; 17:2639-2655 .doi: 10.2147/DDDT.S417051. [
DOI:10.2147/DDDT.S417051] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
157. Wang D, Li Y, Deng X, Torre M, Zhang Z, Li X, et al. An aptamer-based depot system for sustained release of small molecule therapeutics. Nat Commun. 2023;14(1):2444.doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-37002-0. [
DOI:10.1038/s41467-023-37002-0] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
158. Getachew M, Tesfaye H, Yihunie W, Ayenew T, Alemu S, Dagnew EM, et al. Sustained release local anesthetics for pain management: relevance and formulation approaches. Front Pain Res (Lausanne). 2024;5:1383461.doi: 10.3389/fpain.2024.1383461. [
DOI:10.3389/fpain.2024.1383461] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
159. Grant GJ, Vermeulen K, Zakowski MI, Stenner M, Turndorf H, Langerman L. Prolonged analgesia and decreased toxicity with liposomal morphine in a mouse model. Anesth Analg. 1994;79(4):706-9.doi: 10.1213/00000539-199410000-00015. [
DOI:10.1213/00000539-199410000-00015] [
PMID]
160. Rauchhaus U, Schwaiger FW, Panzner S. Separating therapeutic efficacy from glucocorticoid side-effects in rodent arthritis using novel, liposomal delivery of dexamethasone phosphate: long-term suppression of arthritis facilitates interval treatment. Arthritis Res Ther. 2009;11(6):R190.doi: 10.1186/ar2889. [
DOI:10.1186/ar2889] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
161. Lee JW, Park JH, Yu GW, You JW, Han MJ, Kang MJ, et al. Sustained-release intra-articular drug delivery: PLGA systems in clinical context and evolving strategies. Pharmaceutics. 2025;17(10):1350.doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics17101350. [
DOI:10.3390/pharmaceutics17101350] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
162. Phillips M, Vannabouathong C, Devji T, Patel R, Gomes Z, Patel A, et al. Differentiating factors of intra-articular injectables have a meaningful impact on knee osteoarthritis outcomes: a network meta-analysis. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2020;28(9):3031-9.doi: 10.1007/s00167-019-05763-1. [
DOI:10.1007/s00167-019-05763-1] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
163. Juškys R, Šustickas G. Effectiveness of treatment of occipital neuralgia using the nerve block technique: a prospective analysis of 44 patients. Acta Med Litu. 2018;25(2):53-60.doi: 10.6001/actamedica.v25i2.3757. [
DOI:10.6001/actamedica.v25i2.3757] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
164. Jose J, Teja KV, Palanivelu A, Khandelwal A, Siddique R. Analgesic efficacy of corticosteroids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs through oral route in the reduction of postendodontic pain: A systematic review. J Conserv Dent. 2022;25(1):9-19.doi: 10.4103/jcd.jcd_30_21. [
DOI:10.4103/jcd.jcd_30_21] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
165. Neto IV IS, Guimaraes M, Ribeiro T, Gonçalves A, Natario I, Torres M. Retrospective Cohort Study on the Incidence and Management of Hemiplegic Shoulder Pain in Stroke Inpatients. Cureus. 2024;16(12): :e76030.doi: 10.7759/cureus.76030. [
DOI:10.7759/cureus.76030]
166. Nayak B, Ghosh S, Bera D, Samanta S. Comparative study between suprascapular nerve block versus platelet rich plasma in the treatment of adhesive capsulitis of shoulder joint. International Journal of Orthopaedics Sciences. 2023;9(1):455-64.doi: 10.22271/ortho.2023.v9.i1g.3327. [
DOI:10.22271/ortho.2023.v9.i1g.3327]
167. Uzun H, Bitik O, Uzun Ö, Ersoy US, Aktaş E. Platelet-rich plasma versus corticosteroid injections for carpal tunnel syndrome. J Plast Surg Hand Surg. 2017;51(5):301-5.doi: 10.1080/2000656X.2016.1260025. [
DOI:10.1080/2000656X.2016.1260025] [
PMID]
168. Chen Y. Autologous blood-derived products compared to corticosteroids for treatment of plantar fasciopathy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine. 2018;61:e151.doi: 10.1016/j.rehab.2018.05.340. [
DOI:10.1016/j.rehab.2018.05.340]
169. Klifto KM, Klifto CS, Pidgeon TS, Richard MJ, Ruch DS, Colbert SH. Platelet-rich plasma versus corticosteroid injections for the treatment of mild-to-moderate carpal tunnel syndrome: a Markov cost-effectiveness decision analysis. Hand (N Y). 2024;19(1):113-27.doi: 10.1177/15589447221092056. [
DOI:10.1177/15589447221092056] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
170. Kothari SY, Srikumar V, Singh N. Comparative efficacy of platelet rich plasma injection, corticosteroid injection and ultrasonic therapy in the treatment of periarthritis shoulder. J Clin Diagn Res:. 2017;11(5):RC15.doi: 10.7860/JCDR/2017/17060.9895. [
DOI:10.7860/JCDR/2017/17060.9895] [
PMID] [
PMCID]