1. Morgan E, Arnold M, Gini A, Lorenzoni V, Cabasag CJ, Laversanne M, et al. Global burden of colorectal cancer in 2020 and 2040: incidence and mortality estimates from GLOBOCAN. Gut 2023;72(2):338-44. [
DOI:10.1136/gutjnl-2022-327736] [
PMID]
2. Anselmino LE, Malizia F, Avila A, Cesatti Laluce N, Mamberto M, Zanotti LC, et al. Overcoming Therapy Resistance in Colorectal Cancer: Targeting the Rac1 Signaling Pathway as a Potential Therapeutic Approach. Cells 2024;13(21):1776. [
DOI:10.3390/cells13211776] [
PMID] [
]
3. Tang Z, Ji L, Han M, Xie J, Zhong F, Zhang X, et al. Pyroptosis is involved in the inhibitory effect of FL118 on growth and metastasis in colorectal cancer. Life Sci 2020;257:118065. [
DOI:10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118065] [
PMID]
4. Masoudi N, Sadeghi S, Pashaei MR, Valizad Hasanloei MA. Evaluation of the relationship between serum levels of carcinoembryonic antigen (cea) and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance-2 (homa2-ir) in colorectal cancer patients. Stud Med Sci 2022;33(3):152-9. [
DOI:10.52547/umj.33.3.152]
5. Jagieła J, Bartnicki P, Rysz J. Nephrotoxicity as a Complication of Chemotherapy and Immunotherapy in the Treatment of Colorectal Cancer, Melanoma and Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021;22(9). [
DOI:10.3390/ijms22094618] [
PMID] [
]
6. Lozon L, Saleh E, Menon V, Ramadan WS, Amin A, El-Awady R. Effect of safranal on the response of cancer cells to topoisomerase I inhibitors: Does sequence matter? Front Pharmacol 2022;13:938471. [
DOI:10.3389/fphar.2022.938471] [
PMID] [
]
7. Shi X, Valizadeh A, Mir SM, Asemi Z, Karimian A, Majidina M, et al. miRNA-29a reverses P-glycoprotein-mediated drug resistance and inhibits proliferation via up-regulation of PTEN in colon cancer cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2020;880. [
DOI:10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173138] [
PMID]
8. Shimia M, Amini M, Ravari AO, Tabnak P, Valizadeh A, Ghaheri M, et al. Thymoquinone reversed doxorubicin resistance in U87 glioblastoma cells via targeting PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling. Chem Biol Drug Des 2024;104(2). [
DOI:10.1111/cbdd.14587] [
PMID]
9. Haynes J, Manogaran P. Mechanisms and Strategies to Overcome Drug Resistance in Colorectal Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2025;26(5):1988. [
DOI:10.3390/ijms26051988] [
PMID] [
]
10. Li Q, Geng S, Luo H, Wang W, Mo Y-Q, Luo Q, et al. Signaling pathways involved in colorectal cancer: pathogenesis and targeted therapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024;9(1):266. [
DOI:10.1038/s41392-024-01953-7] [
PMID] [
]
11. Yousefi B, Valizadeh A, Molavand M, Majidinia M. Reversal effect of fenofibrate on P-glycoprotein-mediated multidrug resistance through PPARγ-dependent upregulation of PTEN expression in SW-480 colorectal cancer cells. Stud Med Sci 2024;35(6):467-78. [
DOI:10.61186/umj.35.6.467]
12. Baghal-Sadriforoush S, Bagheri M, Abdi rad I, Sotoodehnejadnematalahi F. An evaluation of melatonin influence on sensitivity to cisplatin through expression of survivin, xiap, caspase-3, and akt genes in ovcar3 ovarian cancer cells. Stud Med Sci 2021;32(7):525-36. [
DOI:10.52547/umj.32.7.525]
13. Anisimov VN, Popovich IG, Shtylik AV, Zabezhinski MA, Ben Huh H, Gurevich P, et al. Melatonin and colon carcinogenesis. III. Effect of melatonin on proliferative activity and apoptosis in colon mucosa and colon tumors induced by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine in rats. Exp Toxicol Pathol 2000;52:71-6. [
DOI:10.1016/S0940-2993(00)80022-6] [
PMID]
14. Anisimov VN, Popovich IG, Zabezhinski MA. Melatonin and colon carcinogenesis. I. Inhibitory effect of melatonin on development of intestinal tumors induced by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine in rats. Carcinogenesis 1997;18:1549-53. [
DOI:10.1093/carcin/18.8.1549] [
PMID]
15. Bartsch H, Bartsch C. Effect of melatonin on experimental tumors under different photoperiods and times of administration. J Neural Transm 1981;52:269-79. [
DOI:10.1007/BF01256752] [
PMID]
16. Blask DE, Dauchy RT, Sauer LA. Putting cancer to sleep at night: the neuroendocrine⁄circadian melatonin signal. Endocrine 2005;27:179-88. [
DOI:10.1385/ENDO:27:2:179] [
PMID]
17. Hill SM, Teplitzky S, Ram PT. Melatonin synergizes with retinoic acid in the prevention and regression of breast cancer. Adv Exp Med Biol 1999;460:345-62. [
DOI:10.1007/0-306-46814-X_39] [
PMID]
18. Petranka J, Baldwin W, Biermann J. The oncostatic action of melatonin in an ovarian carcinoma cell line. J Pineal Res 1999;26:129-36. [
DOI:10.1111/j.1600-079X.1999.tb00574.x] [
PMID]
19. Kanishi Y, Kobayashi Y, Noda S, Ishizuka B, Saito K. Differential growth inhibitory effect of melatonin on two endometrial cancer cell lines. J Pineal Res 2000;28:227-33. [
DOI:10.1034/j.1600-079X.2000.280405.x] [
PMID]
20. Hu DN, Roberts JE. Melatonin inhibits growth of cultured human uveal melanoma cells. Melanoma Res 1997;7:27-31. [
DOI:10.1097/00008390-199702000-00005] [
PMID]
21. Gilad E, Laufer M, Matzkin H. Melatonin receptors in PC3 human prostate tumor cells. J Pineal Res 1999;26:211-20. [
DOI:10.1111/j.1600-079X.1999.tb00586.x] [
PMID]
22. Fan L, Sun G, Ma T, Zhong F, Wei W. Melatonin overcomes apoptosis resistance in human hepatocellular carcinoma by targeting survivin and XIAP. J Pineal Res 2013;55(2):174-83. [
DOI:10.1111/jpi.12060] [
PMID]
23. Gao Y, Xiao X, Zhang C, Yu W, Guo W, Zhang Z, et al. Melatonin synergizes the chemotherapeutic effect of 5-fluorouracil in colon cancer by suppressing PI3K/AKT and NF-κB/iNOS signaling pathways. J Pineal Res 2017;62(2). [
DOI:10.1111/jpi.12380] [
PMID]
24. Tsang PS, Cheuk AT, Chen QR, Song YK, Badgett TC, Wei JS, et al. Synthetic Lethal Screen Identifies NF-κB as a Target for Combination Therapy with Topotecan for patients with Neuroblastoma. BMC Cancer 2012;12. [
DOI:10.1186/1471-2407-12-101] [
PMID] [
]
25. Adams DJ, Sandvold ML, Myhren F, Jacobsen TF, Giles F, Rizzieri DA. Anti proliferative activity of ELACY (CP-4055) in combination with cloretazine (VNP40101M), idarubicin, gemcitabine, irinotecan and topotecan in human leukemia and lymphoma cells. Leuk Lymphoma 2008;49(4):786-97. [
DOI:10.1080/10428190801935752] [
PMID] [
]
26. Rahemi S, Danesh B, Nematollahi-Mahani SN, Fallah H. Inhibition of IRAK Signaling Can Improve Topotecan Sensitivity of Breast Cancer Cell Lines by Decrease of P-gp Gene Expression. 2022. [
URL:]
27. Mayo JC, Hevia D, Quiros-Gonzalez I, Rodriguez-Garcia A, Gonzalez-Menendez P, Cepas V, et al. IGFBP3 and MAPK/ERK signaling mediates melatonin-induced antitumor activity in prostate cancer. J Pineal Res 2017;62(1). [
DOI:10.1111/jpi.12373] [
PMID]
28. Mihanfar A, Yousefi B, Azizzadeh B, Majidinia M. Interactions of melatonin with various signaling pathways: implications for cancer therapy. Cancer Cell Int 2022;22(1):420. [
DOI:10.1186/s12935-022-02825-2] [
PMID] [
]
29. Mao L, Summers W, Xiang S, Yuan L, Dauchy RT, Reynolds A, et al. Melatonin Represses Metastasis in Her2-Postive Human Breast Cancer Cells by Suppressing RSK2 Expression. Mol Cancer Res 2016;14(11):1159-69. [
DOI:10.1158/1541-7786.MCR-16-0158] [
PMID] [
]
30. Liu Z, Zou D, Yang X, Xue X, Zuo L, Zhou Q, et al. Melatonin inhibits colon cancer RKO cell migration by downregulating Rho‑associated protein kinase expression via the p38/MAPK signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2017;16(6):9383-92. [
DOI:10.3892/mmr.2017.7836] [
PMID] [
]