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  Background & Aims : The prevalence of sleep apnea is high in hemodialysis patients and is associated with an increased risk of metabolic syndrome. Metabolic syndrome increases risk of cardiovascular diseases and imposes a lot cost to health care system. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between sleep apnea and metabolic syndrome in hemodialysis patients.

  Materials & Methods : This cross-sectional study was carried out with purposive sampling method on 132 hemodialysis patients of Hemodialysis Unit of Taleghani Hospital. Data were gathered using Berlin questionnaire to determine individuals at risk of sleep apnea and ATP III index for individuals that suffer from metabolic syndrome. The data were analyzed using descripti ve and inferential statistical testes.

  Results : The results showed 41.7% of samples complained from sleep apnea and 57.6% of hemodialysis patients suffer from metabolic syndrome. There was statistically significant relationsh ip between sleep apnea and metabolic syndrome. (p=0.001)

  Conclusion : Considering the high prevalence of sleep apnea and metabolic syndrome in patients undergoing hemodialysis, it is suggested to use screening method for identifying patients with metabolic syndrome.

  Source: Urmia Med J 2011: 22(4): 384 ISSN: 1027-3727

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  Background & Aims : The metabolic syndrome (MS) is a clustering of risk factors of metabolic origin that increases the risk for cardiovascular disease . Endothelial function biomarkers and lipids profile determine cardiovascular disease . Aim of this study was to investigate the effect of sex on endothelial function and lipid profile.

  Materials & M ethods: The present study involved 77 patients (59 women, 18 men) with metabolic syndrome that were defined according to Adult Treatment Panel III (three altered factors from five factors including abdominal obesity, elevated TG, low HDL-c, increased blood pressure, Fasting blood sugar (FBS) intolerance). Tests were detected by ELISA and biochemistry methods.

  Results : Body mass index (women 34.56±4.97 kg/m² men 30.22 ± 3.01 kg/m²) waist circumference (women 110.18±10.52 cm 105.06±5.65 cm) were higher in women with metabolic syndrome (p<0.05). Total cholesterol, triglycerides FBS, HDL-c, LDL-c levels were similar in women and men with MS (p> 0.05). Endotelin-1 was significantly higher in women with MS (p< 0.05). Intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM-1), E-selectin, NO₂^-, NO₃^- levels were similar in women and men with MS (p> 0.05). There were positive correlations between endothelial biomarkers in women with MS.

  Conclusion : Visceral obesity in women may be the major cause of metabolic syndrome. Abdominal obesity may contribute to MS through its action as an endocrine organ that produces proinflammatory cytokines . 

  Source: Urmia Med J 2011: 22(5): 483 ISSN: 1027-3727

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Background & Aims: Endothelial dysfunction is found in early steps of atherosclerosis and is related with diseases such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance. Insulin resistance is related to metabolic abnormalities .We aimed to examine influence of impaired fasting glucose on endothelial function biomarkers and biochemistry biomarkers in metabolic syndrome patients.

Materials & Methods: This study was conducted on 80 patients with metabolic syndrome (MS) diagnosed based on the NCEP Adult Treatment Panel III. Subjects were divided into two groups 36 MS patients with Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS) ≥ 100 mg/dl and 44 patients with FBS <100 mg/dl. In order to evaluate endothelial function, plasma Endothelin-1 , intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM-1), E-selectin, (NO₂^▬) and Nitrate ) NO₃^▬) concentrations were measured.

Results: The mean age in patients with FBS ≥ 100 mg/dl and <100 mg/dl were 51.58 ± 8.82 and 46.77 ± 10.46 years, respectively. ( P= 0.031) In cholesterol, LDL-c, HDL-c, levels were similar in two groups. E-selectin plasma level was significantly higher in patients with FBS ≥100 mg/dl (11.67±4.81 ) compared with patients with FBS <100 mg/dl (9.61 ± 4.41 p= 0.049) and in patients with FBS ≥100 mg/dl NO₂^-, NO₃^- were 15. 85 ± 4.67, 16.96 ± 6.3 uM, respectively and in patients with FBS <100 mg/dl were 19.65 ± 7.41, 21.25 ± 10.81 respectively, in NO₂^- p= 0.010, in NO₃ p= 0.039 that were significantly lower compared with patients with FBS <100 mg/dl. Endothelin-1 and ICAM-1 were similar in two groups.

Conclusions: MS patients with impaired fasting glucose had higher level of E-selectin and this factor may induce endothelial dysfunction. Insulin resistance may increase NO₂^- and NO₃^- in MS patients with high FBS. 

 

SOURCE: URMIA MED J 2012: 23(4): 459 ISSN: 1027-3727

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  Background & Aims: Since the Cardiac and cardiopathy diseases are the most common factors of mortality around the world and cardiac anfractuous is considered as the fatalist form of cardiac diseases, being aware of the fundamental factors leading to this disease helps preventing it. In doing so, the metabolic syndrome as the cumulative of detrimental elements plays an important role. Because the appearance of this disease relies heavily on diverse elements of genetics, geography, culture, and nutrition we decided to study the incidence of this syndrome in anfractuous induced patients at Seyed-al-Shohada Cardiac Specialized Hospital of Urmia.

  Materials & Methods: In this case-control study, all of the patients were taken as the study cases who had been hospitalized in the Seyed-al-Shohada Cardiac Specialized Hospital of Urmia during the years 2012 to 2013 considering the three-dimensional MI and who were given special form to obtain the clinical information to be registered in the forms. They were divided by two groups according to the ATP 3 criteria or without it and were analyzed statistically through using the log linear test.

  Results: Totally, 172 MI patients entered the study among which 67.4% were those with metabolic syndrome and 32.6% were those who were not. In the metabolic syndrome, the incidence of female were more than male while in the opposite group it was vice versa. According to the obtained results the position of MI, the sort of MI, the attacking procedures background, the level of LVEF, the level of education, the living place were not significant.

  Conclusion: According to the high incidence of metabolic syndrome in MI patients in the region and country, it is essential to decrease the probability of MI incidence through making balance.

 

  SOURCE: URMIA MED J 2013: 24(8): 583 ISSN: 1027-3727

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 Background & aims: Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) is a potential threatening factor for cardiovascular disorders and atherosclerosis which is accompanied by increase in plasma triglyceride, cholesterol, low density lipoproteins (LDL-c), fasting blood sugar (FBS) and low high density lipoproteins (HDL-c). Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) catalysis transfer of lipids and phospholipids between lipoproteins. CETP can have a significant role in balancing the quantity of plasma lipids and lipoproteins. The present survey attempted to show the association of Taq1B polymorphisms in CETP gene with metabolic syndrome parameters an Iranian population.

 Materials &Methods: In order to identify the association between the Taq1B polymorphisms of this gene and the lipid pattern of plasma and other parameters of MetS, the quantity of lipids in metabolic syndrome subjects (N=247) and healthy individuals (N=247) were measured. The abundance of alleles and genotypic distribution of the Taq1B polymorphisms were defined along with comparison between two control and patient groups. Blood samples were collected followed by routine biochemical analysis. DNA extraction was performed. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism was applied to identify Taq1B polymorphism. Statistical analyses were applied using SPSS software.

 Results: Lipid pattern of plasma and other parameters of MetS showed significant differences between the patient and control groups. Also the abundance of alleles and genotypic distribution of polymorphism showed a significant difference between two groups. Taq1B polymorphism was accompanied with MetS.

 Conclusion: The results confirm that in MetS patients, this genetic mutation in CEPT gene is accompanied with change in lipid profile and other MetS parameters. Our study suggests the promoting effect of Taq1B polymorphism in process of MetS disorder. We indicated this polymorphism can increase occurrence of metabolic syndrome. Our results showed Taq1B polymorphism is associated with some MetS associated variables in our population.

 SOURCE: URMIA MED J 2015: 25(11): 1049 ISSN: 1027-3727

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Received: 19 Aug, 2015 Accepted: 22 Oct, 2015

Abstract

Background & Aims: Professional drivers are apparently more involved in metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its complications due to their working conditions. The outcome may not only be harmful for drivers, but also can be harmful to community as they play critical role in transportation and traffic sectors. Occupational stresses, physical inactivity, prolonged working hours, and inappropriate dietary habits have all been reported as contributors to health risk factors in drivers. The present research was carried out to determine the prevalence of MetS among professional drivers in West Azerbaijan province in Iran.

Materials & Methods: Medical documentation was the source of data for the reported study. It derived from medical examinations of 10000 among long distance drivers in West Azerbaijan province applying for driving license. The MetS was defined using International Diabetes Federation criteria.

Results: The average age of participants was 38.62±9.7 (20-74) years. The prevalence of MetS in subjects was %33.7 (95%CI: 32.7-34.6). The presence of central obesity was more common than other components %52.3 (95%CI: 51.4-53.2). The associations of MetS with BMI, age, and driving experiences were significant in the logistic regression. By increasing BMI, age, and driving experiences also odds ratio of MetS increased.

Conclusion: The study suggests that MetS has become a noteworthy health problem among West Azerbaijan among long distance drivers. Based on these findings, it is recommended to consider training programs, establish pertinent health regulations, and focus on the MetS complications in high risk group to improve and maintain their quality of life and to promote their public health.

SOURCE: URMIA MED J 2015: 26(9): 784 ISSN: 1027-3727

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Background & Aims: Non Alcoholic Fatty liver disease, "hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome", is the most common chronic liver disease in Western world with a prevalence of 20 to 30 percent. This study investigate the effects of Ramadan diet on fatty liver, metabolic indices and body mass index in obese women with metabolic syndrome associated hepatic steatosis.

Materials & Methods: This cross-sectional study was done on 250 overweight and obese women referred to the maternal and childhood obesity research center of Urmia University of Medical Sciences. After obtaining written consent, physical examination, abdominal ultrasound and metabolic syndrome related laboratory tests were done and compared before and after Ramadan fasting. Data analysis was done using paired t-test and Pearson correlation coefficient.

Results: From 250 ladies 37 women with fatty liver disease associated with metabolic syndrome who were fasting during Ramadan were studied. Changes in severity of fatty liver in these women was not significant after Ramadan. Mean cholesterol and LDL levels after Ramadan showed significant reduction. The mean HDL- cholesterol, waist-to-hip ratio and insulin significantly increased. Changes in weight, body mass index, waist circumference, hip circumference and mean triglycerides and fasting blood sugar in these people were not significant.

Conclusion: Ramadan diet lowers serum cholesterol and LDL and increase HDL has been shown that the positive effects of Ramadan fasting on metabolic syndrome.

SOURCE: URMIA MED J 2016: 27(4): 287 ISSN: 1027-3727

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Background & Aims: Recent observations highlighted the importance of evaluating nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in individuals with coronary artery disease (CAD) to establish strategies to prevent the evolution of the disease. However, the association between severity of CAD and NAFLD remains uncertain. The aim of this study was to investigate whether NAFLD was associated with severity of CAD assessed by coronary angiography.
Materials & Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 320 consecutive patients who were candidates for coronary angiography. All patients underwent coronary angiography to assess the presence and severity of coronary involvement and liver ultrasonography to assess the degree of fatty liver in the same session. The extension of CAD was measured using the Gensini score. The severity of NAFLD was measured using ultrasonography grading (Grade 0- III).
Results: Regarding grade of NAFLD, 42.2% of patients had normal condition (Grade 0), 31.5% had grade I, 19.7% had grade II, and 6.6% had grade III of NAFLD. With regard to the difference in grading of NAFLD between cardiovascular risk subgroups, this difference was only observed between the patients with BMI ≥ 30 kg/m² and those with BMI < 30 kg/m². The mean Gensini score in patients with normal condition (Grade 0) or grade I of NAFLD was 20.6 ± 1.2, in grade II of NAFLD was 23.6 ± 4.2, and in those with grade III of NAFLD was 47.3 ± 9.6. Findings indicate that CAD severity increases with the increase in the grade of NAFLD (p = 0.002). Using the multivariate linear regression model and with the presence of baseline variables as the confounders, the association between the Gensini score and NAFLD grade remained significant (p = 0.001).
Conclusion: The present study demonstrates a higher Gensini score in those patients with higher grades of NAFLD indicating a linear association between CAD severity and severity of NAFLD.

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Background & Aims: In this study, we aimed to investigate the differences between laboratory indices and angiographic characteristics of the patients with coronary artery disease in two groups of metabolic syndrome and non-metabolic syndrome.
Materials & Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, 180 patients who were hospitalized due to coronary artery occlusion were included in the study. The patients were divided into two groups of with and without metabolic syndrome. The patients were then divided based on the number of coronary artery occlusions into four subgroups, in terms of cardiac output into 4 subgroups, and in terms of BMI into three subgroups. Finally, the studied variables were compared between these two groups and the analysis of this information was done using SPSS 20 software.
Results: In this study, 84 patients (46.7%) had metabolic syndrome. All of these patients had coronary artery disease, 81(45%) with stenosis in one vessel, 53(29.4%) in 2 vessels, 33(18.3%) in 3 vessels, and 13(7.2%) with stenosis in 4 vessels. 147 patients (81.7%) were male, and the mean age of the participants was 57.24±12.52 years. The mean age and HDL in the group with metabolic syndrome were lower than those without it. However, the mean count of Hb, WBC, and Neutrophils in the group with metabolic syndrome was higher than the group without it.
Conclusion: Patients with metabolic syndrome who had been hospitalized for heart disease had lower age and HDL but higher BMI than the patients without metabolic syndrome. There was no difference between patients with and without metabolic syndrome in terms of left ventricular output and the number of coronary arteries involved. In general, simultaneously having metabolic syndrome affects the laboratory and angiographic indices of the patients with coronary artery disease.