Urmia University of Medical Sciences
Studies in Medical Sciences
2717-008X
2717-008X
19
4
2009
3
1
EVALUATION OF SERUM MALONDIALDEHYDE SPECTROPHOTOMETRICALLY AND HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH CORONARY ARTRY DISEASE
289
294
FA
محمدحسن
N
Y
N
N
N
Z Mohammadi Abgarmi [1] , MSC MH Khadem Ansari [2] , Ph.D BA Jalali Khanabadi [3] , Ph.DMH Mosadegh Mehrjardi [4] , Ph.D, S M Mahdavi [5] , MSC Received: 14 Sep, 2008 Accepted: 19 Nov, 2008 Abstract Background ;Aims : Atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease are the leading causes of death in developed and also developing countries. Reactive species, especially those derived from oxygen, are mediators of vascular and tissue damage in various diseases including coronary artery disease. Determination of this reactive species by direct method is expensive, but we can determine the product of this reactive species indirectly i.e. MDA. MDA level is determined by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and HPLC methods. The main purpose of this study was to compare and evaluate HPLC and TBARS methods for determination of serum MDA in a group of patients with coronary artery disease in comparison to control subjects. Materials ;Methods : Study populations were 47 controls and 53 patients with coronary artery disease. Blood samples were collected after an overnight fasting, and sera were separated by centrifugation. For MDA determination, first serum protein was precipitated by trichloroacetic acid, and separated by centrifugation, and supernatant was reacted with thiobarbituric acid solution in 950C for 50 minutes. For determination of TBARS, TBA-MDA adduct measured spectrophotometrically by reading of absorbance directly at 532 nm, and for determination of MDA, 20 µL of each reacted sample was injected to a C8 revesephase column of HPLC , separated isocratically , and quantitated by visible detector at 532 nm. Results: The recovery of HPLC and TBARS methods were 92.05 - 105.2 and 84.7 - 102 respectively. The precision of HPLC method was 4-6.17 while in TBARS method it was 7.27 - 12.22%. The detection limit of HPLC and TBARS method were 0.05 µM and 0.1 µM respectively. Serum levels of MDA which determined by TBARS method was higher than those determined by HPLC in the same samples (P value <0.002). There were significant correlations between the results of TBARS and HPLC method for serum MDA in all subjects. (r2 = 0.325, P value = 0.02). Conclusion : However, HPLC is a sensitive and accurate method for determination of MDA, but it is time consuming and very expensive. So in improved and optimized conditions, the results of TBARS could be acceptable, and this method is suitable for routine laboratory use, and larger sample size epidemiological studies. According to our results and previous findings, serum levels of MDA in patient with coronary artery disease were higher than the control group, so it is an independent risk factor or a marker for cardiovascular diseases. Keywords: Malondialdehyde, Chromatography thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, HPLC, Coronary artery disease Address : Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran Tel: 0914 141 5879 E-mail: mhansari@hotmail.com Source: UMJ 2009: 19(4): 356 ISSN: 1027-3727 [1] Clinical Biochemist - Yazd University of Medical Sciences [2] Associate Professor of Clinical Biochemistry, Urmia University of Medical Sciences (Corresponding Author) [3] Assistant Professor of Clinical Biochemistry, Yazd University of Medical Sciences [4] Assistant Professor of Pharmacology, Yazd University of Medical Sciences [5] MSc in Chemistry, Department of Pharmacology, Yazd University of Medical Sciences
Malondialdehyde, Chromatography thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, HPLC, Coronary artery disease
http://umj.umsu.ac.ir/article-1-352-en.html
http://umj.umsu.ac.ir/article-1-352-en.pdf
Urmia University of Medical Sciences
Studies in Medical Sciences
2717-008X
2717-008X
19
4
2009
3
1
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF EXTRA – AMNIOTIC SALINE INFUSION AND HIGH DOSE OXYTOCIN WITH PROSTAGLANDIN E2 SUPPOSITORY AND HIGH DOSE OXYTOCIN IN PRE - INDUCTION CERVICAL RIPENING IN SECOND TRIMESTER PREGNANCIES
295
301
FA
Y
N
N
N
A Amirabi [1] , MD S Golmohammadlou [2] , MD S Salari lak [3] , Ph.D L Khabiry [4] , MD Received: 29 April, 2008 Accepted: 6 Aug, 2008 Abstract Background ;Aims: It is necessary to terminate pregnancy for fetal or maternal indications in some second trimester pregnancies. The cervix is usually unripe in 2nd trimester, so pre-induction ripening is mandatory. The aim of this study is to compare the efficacy of extra-amniotic saline infusion with prostaglandin E2 suppository in pre-induction cervical ripening in 2nd trimester pregnancies. Materials & Methods: In this study, women (n= 80) with indications of termination of pregnancy (range 14-28 weeks) and bishop scores of 3 and lower were assigned randomly to receive extra-amniotic saline infusion (2ML/ min) or prostaglandin suppository (6mg).We induced uterine contractions using intravenous oxytocin only when contractions had not commenced by 6 hours after extra-amniotic saline infusion and 4 hours after prostaglandin. We assessed ripening efficacy, success and failure of therapy, mean time of induction, and complications of two methods. Statistical analysis was done based on the data. Results: The mean pre-ripening bishop score was l.2±0.53 in group 1 (extra-amniotic saline infusion) and 1.68±0.66 in group 2 (prostaglandin). The mean post- ripening BSC was 4.5±2.14 in group I and 3 ± 1.6 in group 2, which was significant. There were 20 (%50) fetus expulsion in group 1 and 8 (20%) in group 2. The mean time for induction was 17.27 ± 8.38 hours in group 1 and 20.9 ±6.17 hours in group 2, which was statistically significant. One patient in group 1 had vaginal bleeding because of warfarin use. Three patients had nausea in group 2. There were no other complications in both methods. Conclusion: Cervical ripening by extra-amniotic saline infusion is faster and more effective than 6 mg prostaglandin E2 suppository, resulting in a higher rate of fetus expulsion in 2nd trimester. Keywords: Second trimester pregnancies, Extra-amniotic saline infusion, Prostaglandin E2 suppository, Using intravenous oxytocin, Cervical ripening Address: Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Kosar Hospital, Urmia, Iran Tel: 09141416846 E-mail: amirabi@umsu.ac.ir Source: UMJ 2009: 19(4): 357 ISSN: 1027-3727 [1] Assistant Professor of Gynecology, Urmia University of Medical Sciences (Corresponding Author) [2] Associate professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Urmia University of Medical Sciences [3] Associate Professor of Epidemiology, Urmia University of Medical Sciences [4] Gynecologist
Second trimester pregnancies, Extra-amniotic saline infusion, Prostaglandin E2 suppository, Using intravenous oxytocin, Cervical ripening
http://umj.umsu.ac.ir/article-1-353-en.html
http://umj.umsu.ac.ir/article-1-353-en.pdf
Urmia University of Medical Sciences
Studies in Medical Sciences
2717-008X
2717-008X
19
4
2009
3
1
COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF ANTIMICROBIAL EFFICACY OF AQUEOUS AND ALCOHOLIC EXTRACTS OF YARROW AGAINST PATHOGENIC MICROORGANISMS
302
309
FA
Y
N
H Tajik [1] , PhD F Shokouhi Sabet Jalali [2] , PhD Received: 29 Nov, 2006 Accepted 5 Nov, 2008 Abstract Background ;Aims: Yarrow ( Achillea. millefolium ) has been used as a spice and medicinal plant in many ancient cultures from olden times. Today, biochemical investigations have shown different bioactive components responsible to medicinal and therapeutic properties of yarrow, in particular the antimicrobial effect of it. The aim of this study is in vitro assessment of potential of inhibitory function of aqueous and alcoholic extract of yarrow on some pathogenic microorganism: s taphylococcus aureus, escherchia coli, pseudomonas aeruginosa . Materials & Methods: The yarrow plants were used in this investigation, produced in around of Urmia. The extracts were used in five dilutions (10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 70% and neat). Also microorganisms were used in this examination were staphylococcus aureus (ATCC25923), escherchia coli (ATCC25922), pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC27853) . The agar disk diffusion test was used as microbiological examination. Results: According to the results of this investigation, minimum inhibition concentration was approximate 30% and also the most sensitive organism to both extracts of yarrow was staphylococcus aureus and the least sensitive organism to these extracts was pseudomonas aeruginosa (P<0.05) . Conclusion: With attention to our findings and other related reports in this field, it could be concluded that aqueous and alcoholic extract of yarrow have considerable antimicrobial effect on some pathogenic bacteria. Therefore, before application of these extracts as antimicrobial agent, it must be evaluated in vivo and clinically. Keywords: Yarrow, Aqueous extract, Alcoholic extract , Staphylococcus aureus, Escherchia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Address: Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran. Tel: 0441-2770508 E-mail: Tajik_h@yahoo.com Source: UMJ 2009: 19(4): 358 ISSN: 1027-3727 [1] Associate Professor of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University (Corresponding Author) [2] Assistant Professor of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University
Yarrow, Aqueous extract, Alcoholic extract , Staphylococcus aureus, Escherchia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa
http://umj.umsu.ac.ir/article-1-354-en.html
http://umj.umsu.ac.ir/article-1-354-en.pdf
Urmia University of Medical Sciences
Studies in Medical Sciences
2717-008X
2717-008X
19
4
2009
3
1
EFFECT OF STANDARDIZATION OF NURSING CARES ON INCIDENCE OF NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION IN MICU
310
315
FA
Y
N
N
N
N
Nosocomial infections, Quality improvement, Nursing care, I ntensive care units
http://umj.umsu.ac.ir/article-1-355-en.html
http://umj.umsu.ac.ir/article-1-355-en.pdf
Urmia University of Medical Sciences
Studies in Medical Sciences
2717-008X
2717-008X
19
4
2009
3
1
A SURVEY OF AMYGDALA CENTRALIS CARDIOVASCULAR RESPONSE TO ANGIOTENSIN I MICROINJECTION IN RENOVASCULAR HYPERTENSIVE RAT
316
324
FA
Ehsan
Saboory
N
Behnam
Heshmatian
behhesh@yahoo.com
Y
Mohammad
Allah Tavakoli
N
Renin-angiotensin system, Amygdala c entralis , Two kidneys, One clip Goldblatt hypertension, Angiotensin I
http://umj.umsu.ac.ir/article-1-356-en.html
http://umj.umsu.ac.ir/article-1-356-en.pdf
Urmia University of Medical Sciences
Studies in Medical Sciences
2717-008X
2717-008X
19
4
2009
3
1
ASSESSMENT OF MENSTRUAL HEADACHE IN STUDENTS IN TABRIZ UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES
325
329
FA
Y
N
N
N
Pure menstrual migraine with out aura, Menstrually related migraine, Migraine
http://umj.umsu.ac.ir/article-1-357-en.html
http://umj.umsu.ac.ir/article-1-357-en.pdf
Urmia University of Medical Sciences
Studies in Medical Sciences
2717-008X
2717-008X
19
4
2009
3
1
EFFICACY OF TAMSULOSIN IN MEDICAL TREATMENT OF LOWER URETERAL STONES
330
333
FA
N
Y
N
N
N
M Alizade [1] , MD MR Mohammadi Fallah [2] , MD M Shokoohi [3] , MD AH Sharafi [4] , MDM Maghsudi [5] , MD Received: 23 Dec, 2007 Accepted: 12 April, 2008 Abstract Background ;Aims : Impacted distal ureteral stone have always been controversial on the choice of treatment. This study aims to evaluate the effect of tamsulosin (non selective alpha 1-blocker) in medical expulsion therapy of distal ureteral stones. Materials ;Methods : 96 patients with UVJ or distal ureteral stones (size between 3-6 mm) were randomly divided into two groups. Group 1 (46 patients – the control group) received only indomethacin (100 mg /PRN). Group 2 (50 patients) received indomethacin and tamsulosin (0.4 mg daily). All patients were questioned about the episodes of ureteral colic, dose of Indomethacin, rate and time of spontaneous passage of stones. Patients were followed for 28 days. Results: 30 of 46 patients (62.5%) in the control group and 41of 50 patients (82%) in tamsulosin group had spontaneous stone passage during 28 days. The expulsion rate were not significantly different between 2 groups (P>0.05). Stone expulsion time was 8.03±4.7 days in control group and 5.07±3.7days in tamsulosin group. This difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The control group had more ureteral colic episodes and more indomethacin use rather than tamsulosin group. This difference was statistically significant (P=0.05). Conclusion: Tamsulosin decreases the duration of stones passage, severity of pain and use of analgesics in conservative management of distal ureteral stones , but doesn’t increase the frequency of spontaneous passage of the distal ureteral calculi significantly. Keywords: Distal ureteral calculi, Tamsulosin, Medical treatment Address: Department of Urology, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Urmia University of Medical Science, Iran Tel: 09141417555 E-mail: mrmf222tir@msn.com Source: UMJ 2009: 19(4): 362 ISSN: 1027-3727 [1] Assistant Professor of Uurology, Urmia University of Medical Science [2] Associate Professor of Urology, Urmia University of Medical Science (Corresponding Author) [3] Resident of Urology, Urmia University of Medical Science [4] Resident of Urology, Urmia University of Medical Science [5] Resident of Urology, Urmia University of Medical Science
Distal ureteral calculi, Tamsulosin, Medical treatment
http://umj.umsu.ac.ir/article-1-358-en.html
http://umj.umsu.ac.ir/article-1-358-en.pdf
Urmia University of Medical Sciences
Studies in Medical Sciences
2717-008X
2717-008X
19
4
2009
3
1
BK POLYOMA VIRUS NEPHROPATHY AMONG IRANIAN RENAL TRANSPLANT RECIPIENTS
334
339
FA
Ali
Ghafari Moghaddam
ghafari@umsu.ac.ir
Y
Mohammad
Taghizadieh
N
Nahid
Aghakhani
N
Nayere
Ebrahimi
N
Ezat-o-llah
Rahimi
N
Mohammad
Ghasemi-rad
N
Saber
Zafarshams pour
N
A Ghafari Moghaddam [1] , MD M Taghizadieh [2] , MD N Aghakhani [3] , MD N Ebrahimi [4] , MD E Rahimi [5] , MDM Ghasemi-rad [6] , MD, S Zafarshams pour [7] , MD Received: 29 April, 2007 Accepted: 29 Oct, 2008 Abstract Background ;Aims: BK virus nephropathy is recognized as a cause of graft loss in renal transplant patients. The disorder may be related to the introduction of new, potent immunosuppressive regimens. We sought to assess the prevalence, outcome, and clinical characteristics of BK virus nephropathy. Materials & Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 160 specimens from episode biopsies. BK virus nephropathy was diagnosed by light microscopic examination and positive immunohistochemical staining. Results : Among 160 patients, 21 (13.1%) were diagnosed as BK virus nephropathy. The mean interval between biopsy and transplantation was 13.6 +/- 10.67 months. There were no significant differences between BK virus nephropathy patients and non-BKVN patients with respect to age, sex, interval between diagnosis and transplantation, cyclosporine blood level, and azathioprine versus mycophenolate mofetil immunosuppression. Graft loss occurred in 57.1% of BK virus nephropathy versus 12.2% of non- BK virus nephropathy subjects (P = .005). There was a significant difference between antilymphocyte globulin (ALG) - and non-ALG-treated groups with respect to the incidence of BKVN (6.6% in non-ALG versus 19% in ALG groups P < .01). BKVN was diagnosed by immunohistochemistry in 61% of specimens with acute rejection according to light microscopic evaluation. Conclusion : This is the first report of BKVN in Iranian renal allograft recipients. In our hospital, the prevalence of BKVN was higher than that previously reported for non-Iranian recipients. BKVN had a negative impact on graft survival . Keywords: Renal transplantation, BK virus, Immunosuppressive Address: Nephrology Department, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Urmia, Iran Tel: 0441-3469931 E-mail: ghafari@umsu.ac.ir Source: UMJ 2009: 19(4): 363 ISSN: 1027-3727 [1] Assistant Professor of Nephrology, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran (Corresponding Author) [2] Assistant Professor of Pathology, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran [3] General Practitioner, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran [4] General Practitioner, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran [5] Resident of Internal Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran [6] Medical Student, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran [7] Medical Student, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
Renal transplantation, BK virus, Immunosuppressive
http://umj.umsu.ac.ir/article-1-359-en.html
http://umj.umsu.ac.ir/article-1-359-en.pdf
Urmia University of Medical Sciences
Studies in Medical Sciences
2717-008X
2717-008X
19
4
2009
3
1
A SURVEY OF EFFECTIVE CAUSES ON RETINOPATHY IN YOUNGER ONSET DIABETES TYPE I PATIENTS, VIABIVARIATE BAYESIAN CUMULATIVE
340
345
FA
N
Y
N
N
N
N
N
R Gharaagaji Asl [1] , Ph.D S Fagihzadeh [2] , Ph.D M R Meshkani [3] , Ph.D A Kazemnejad [4] , Ph.DGR Babayi [5] , Ph.D R Rohipor [6] , M.D MF Mosavi [7] , M.D Received: 24 Oct, 2007 Accepted: 30 Jan, 2008 Abstract Background ;Aims : Diabetes is one of the chronic and non-communicable diseases with increasing prevalence. Retinopathy mostly appears in diabetic type I. Diabetic retinopathy is one of its complications leading to low vision and blindness. Determining effective factors can help us in early diagnosis and controlling the progression of diabetic retinopathy. Material ;Methods : This study is a cross-sectional one being done on 116 patients (diabetic type I). Their diagnoses age was under 30 years. They referred to optical clinic of Farabi hospital. The samples were randomly selected the presence and severity of any diabetic retinopathy was examined in both eyes separately and classified into four classes as follows: none mild severe and moderate and proliferative. Finally covariate variables were collected for each patient considering the clinical visits, patient self report or patient's hospital records. Results: Retinopathy severity for the left eye was: normal (45.6%), mild (30.2%), severe and moderate (15.51%) and proliferative (8.6%) and for the right eye was: normal (%42.24), mild (31.03%), severe and moderate (17.24%) and proliferative (9.48%). The retinopathy severity correlation between two eyes was statistically significant (P<0.0001, r =0.701). Analysis of effective causes showed that the variables such as: diseases long duration, age of diagnosis, DHTN, sex, BMI, dose of insulin per day, proteinuria and macular edema had significant relation with diseases severity and pulse rate, residence, refractive error and intra-ocular pressure have not significant relation with diseases severity. Conclusion : This study shows that poor control, being a durable disease, being male, DHTN, BMI, dose of insulin, proteinuria, macular edema in diabetic type 1 are effective factors on retinopathy. Controlling the systematic factors, effective variables and systematic clinical visits by specialists in internal medicine and eye physicians are helpful for predicting retinopathy incidence and recurrence. Keywords: Diabetes type I, Diabetic retinopathy, Effective variables, Bayesian analysis, Cumulative regression Address: Biostatistics Department, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Tel: 021-88011001 E-mail: rasool1350@yahoo.com Source: UMJ 2008: 19(4): 364 ISSN: 1027-3727 [1] PhD Student of Biostatistics, Tarbiat Modares University [2] Professor of Biostatistics, Tarbiat Modares University(Corresponding Author) [3] Professor of Statistics, Shahid Beheshti University [4] Associate of Biostatistics, Tarbiat Modares University [5] Associate Professor of Biostatistics, Tarbiat Modares University [6] Assistant Professor of Ophthalmology, Farabi Hospital, Tehran University of Medical sciences [7] Resident of Ophthalmoloy, Farabi Hospital, Tehran University of Medical sciences
Diabetes type I, Diabetic retinopathy, Effective variables, Bayesian analysis, Cumulative regression
http://umj.umsu.ac.ir/article-1-360-en.html
http://umj.umsu.ac.ir/article-1-360-en.pdf
Urmia University of Medical Sciences
Studies in Medical Sciences
2717-008X
2717-008X
19
4
2009
3
1
A CASE REPORT BILATERAL POST TRAUMATIC ANTERIOR SHOULDER DISLOCATION
346
348
FA
Y
N
Traumatic, Bilateral, Anterior shoulder dislocation
http://umj.umsu.ac.ir/article-1-361-en.html
http://umj.umsu.ac.ir/article-1-361-en.pdf
Urmia University of Medical Sciences
Studies in Medical Sciences
2717-008X
2717-008X
19
4
2009
3
1
METASTATIC LYMPHOMA OF THE PENIS
349
352
FA
N
Y
N
N
N
N
MR Razaghi [1] , MD AR Rezaei [2] , MD I Rezaei [3] , MD B Javanmard [4] , MDM Mohammad Hosseini [5] , MD HR Najafi [6] , MD Received: 28 April, 2008 Accepted: 26 Nov, 2008 Abstract We report an unusual non-Hodgkin lymphoma metastasis of the penis. Review of the literature revealed less than 200 cases of metastatic lesions to the penis, excluding primary neoplasms from skin, urethra and blood. The most common neoplastic metastases to the penis in order of frequency were from the bladder, prostate, rectum and rectosigmoid areas, and kidney in the cases, respectively. The incidence of other primary tumor sites that metastasize to the penis is extremely rare. Keywords : Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Metastasis, Penis Address: Shohadaye Tajrish Hospital, Shahid Behashti University of Medical Sciences Tel: 09188110714 E-mail : alirezarezaei54@yahoo.com Source: UMJ 2009: 19(4): 366 ISSN: 1027-3727 [1] Professor of Urology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran [2] Resident of Urology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (Corresponding Author) [3] Resident of Urology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran [4] Resident of Urology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran [5] Resident of Urology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran [6] Resident of Pediatrics, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Metastasis, Penis
http://umj.umsu.ac.ir/article-1-362-en.html
http://umj.umsu.ac.ir/article-1-362-en.pdf
Urmia University of Medical Sciences
Studies in Medical Sciences
2717-008X
2717-008X
19
4
2009
3
1
A CASE REPORT OF ALKAPTONURIC OCHRONOSIS
353
355
FA
Y
N
N
N
F Abbasi [1] , Ph.D S Naji [2] , Ph.D F Mirzatolui [3] , MD G Behjati [4] , Ph.D Received: 28 April, 2008 Accepted: 5 Nov, 2008 Abstract Alkaptonuria is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by deficiency of homogentisic acid oxidase. This deficiency leads to accumulation of homogentisic acid in tissues and its urinary excretion and resulting in characteristic features like ochronosis, darkening of urine, and arthropathy. We describe a case of alkaptonuric ochronosis in a 62 year old man, who had alkaptonuria, degenerative arthropathy of hip and knees, spinal abnormalities similar to ankylosing spondylitis and renal calculi.Total replacement of hip joint was done. Total replacement of hip joint was done. Keywords: Alkaptonuria, Ochronosis, Degenerative arthropathy Address: Imam Khomeni Hospital , Urmia Tel: 09141452352 E-mail: faribaak2002@yahoo.com Source: UMJ 2009: 19(4): 367 ISSN: 1027-3727 [1] Assistant Professor of Pathology, Urmia University of Medical Sciences (Corresponding Author) [2] Assistant Professor of Pathology, Urmia University of Medical Sciences [3] Associate Professor of Orthopedics, Urmia University of Medical Sciences [4] Specialist in Pathology, Legal Medicine Center of Isfahan
Alkaptonuria, Ochronosis, Degenerative arthropathy
http://umj.umsu.ac.ir/article-1-363-en.html
http://umj.umsu.ac.ir/article-1-363-en.pdf